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memory transistor connected in series. There is no direct electrical connection to the gate electrode of the FAMOS transistor, which is fabricated from polycrystalline silicon. The row-select transistor is a standard enhancement p-channel device. The FAMOS transistor is a p-channel device with an enhancement threshold high enough that essentially no current flows through it when -5 V is applied to the drain of a discharged device. When the floating-gate electrode is charged negatively with electrons, the floating gate device is biased into conduction. Because there are no direct connec :ions to the floating-gate, its potential is strongly influenced by the biases on the neighboring nodes. There are capacitances to the drain, source, channel, and substrate. The substrate coupling is usually relatively weak because there are two capacitors in series, the oxide capacitance and the depletion capacitance. The channel capacitance depends on whether there is inversion charge in the channel. If the channel is in inversion, the inversion layer screens the substrate from the floating gale in the channel region. The potential of the channel varies from that of the drain to that of the source; thus, the channel capacitance can be replaced with two capacitors, one to the drain and one to the source. The division of the channel capacitance between the source and drain is bias dependent, but the drain usually receives 50 to 60% of the channel capacitance. In the case of the FAMOS structure, this means that about half of the bias applied to the

RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems. By A. W. Scott and R. Frobenius Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Par.24 StationClassMark (one octet). This parameter contains the transmission characteristics of the mobile (Section 12.4.8). Par.25 TargetCellID (two octets). This is an integer that identi es a cell to which a mobile can be handed off. Par.26 TerminationRestrictionCode (one octet). This is an integer indicating the call types which the mobile station is allowed to receive: Value 1 2 3 Meaning No terminations allowed No restrictions on terminations Restricted to sent-paid calls (calls billed to the calling party)

the antenna pattern and absorption of energy. Therefore, radiation ef ciency is decreased when these effects are taken into account. The effective gain should be analyzed for a large number of users in order to eliminate the speci c properties of any one user (at which angle with respect to the head is the MS being held , is the user right-handed or left-handed , what are the dielectric properties of the hand holding the device , etc.). Figure 9.1 shows an exemplary cumulative distribution function for a patch antenna and a helical antenna. Note that the difference between effective antenna gain and theoretical values can exceed 10 dB. This has a large impact on network planning. Q-Factor A fundamental quantity of antennas is their Q-factor, de ned as [Vaughan and Andersen 2003] Q = 2 Energy stored Energy dissipated per cycle (9.6)

A pure IP PBX, or IPBX, steps completely away from TDM technology developed for voice communications. A pure IPBX is based on a distributed client/server architecture that generally is implemented on a switched Ethernet LAN running at 100 Mbps or better. Client software residing on intelligent IP hardphones and softphones runs against one or more servers that can be distributed across an enterprise, perhaps in geographically diverse locations. One or more telephony servers are responsible for all call control functions such as call setup and teardown. The infrastructure can be shared between voice (and even video) and data applications. Therefore, there also typically are database and applications servers against which the client workstations run. The transmission media are shared between all LAN-attached devices. In a large-enterprise application, there commonly are multiple LAN switches. The switches serve to segment traf c geographically, con ning traf c associated with a given call to only those segments (and associated geographic areas) necessarily involved in the communication and, thereby, mitigating issues of congestion that traditionally plagued early Ethernets. (Note: Many, if not most,

This platform has many components, and as you will discover, Windows Phone users, like Zune HD users, also use the Zune PC software shown in Figure 3-8 to synchronize PC-based music, video, and photos to their devices. (You can find out more about this software in 6.) But the single biggest influence that the Zune platform has on Windows Phone, of course, is the user interface (or user experience ). And on Windows Phone, this highly evolved UI is now called Metro. There are many ways to describe and explain Metro, but perhaps the most obvious is to examine how Microsoft describes this user experience internally. I m not interested in regurgitating marketing documentation, however. Instead, let s see how Microsoft s view of Metro stands in the harsh cold light of reality. Then, I ll jump right into the software and give you a tour.